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# Uttarakhand and Climate Change Uttarakhand is on the frontlines of climate change in South Asia. As the source state of rivers supplying water to over 500 million people, what happens to its glaciers, forests, springs, and rainfall patterns matters to the entire subcontinent. The Gangotri Glacier has retreated over 2 km in a century. Springs are drying up as forests lose their water-retention capacity. The monsoon is becoming more intense but less predictable. The summer fire season is extending. Bugyals are being squeezed upward as tree lines advance. Adaptation responses include spring revival programmes, native forest restoration, and community disaster risk reduction. • Uttarakhand is on the frontlines of climate change in South Asia. • Most glaciers in Uttarakhand are retreating at accelerating rates — the Gangotri Glacier has retreatedover 2 km in a century. • As glaciers shrink, river flows initially increase (floods) but in the long term summer flows will decline. • This threatens the water security of hundreds of millions of people who depend on Himalayan rivers. • Altered monsoon patterns create more intense but less frequent rainfall — more flash floods and longerdry spells. • Springs are drying up across the state as forests are degraded and rainfall becomes more erratic. • Temperature increases are shifting tree lines upward, threatening high-altitude ecosystems includingbugyals. • The fire season is extending, with hotter and longer summers increasing frequency and intensity offorest fires. • Adaptation measures include spring revival programmes, traditional water harvesting, and native forestrestoration. • Uttarakhand's fate as a mountain water tower has profound implications for all of northern India. 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